Preventive Care in Nursing and Midwifery
Volume 16, Issue 1 (1-2026)
Prev Care Nurs Midwifery 2026, 16(1): 85-104 |
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Ethics code: IR.ZUMS.REC.1400.290
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Nouri M, Aligholipour M, Costeira C, Hanifi N. A Concept Development of Risk Perceptions During COVID-19: Application of Schwartz-Barcott and Kim's Hybrid Model. Prev Care Nurs Midwifery 2026; 16 (1) :85-104
URL: http://nmcjournal.zums.ac.ir/article-1-1048-en.html
URL: http://nmcjournal.zums.ac.ir/article-1-1048-en.html
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health and Metabolic Diseases Research Institute, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran , nasrinhanifi@gmail.com
Abstract: (580 Views)
Background: Healthcare behaviors, including preventive practices, treatment adherence, and decision-making during health crises, are strongly influenced by individual risk perceptions.
Objectives: This study aimed to understand risk perception during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods: A hybrid concept analysis was conducted using the Schwartz-Barcott and Kim model in three phases: theoretical (systematic review of 51 articles from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SID, MagIran, and IranMedex, 2019–2024), fieldwork (semi-structured interviews with seven COVID-19 patients), and final analytical integration.
Results: The theoretical phase generated 139 initial codes and 10 subcategories, whereas the fieldwork phase yielded 172 initial codes and nine subcategories. COVID-19 risk perception emerged as a multifaceted phenomenon comprising three categories: antecedents (information overload, personal vulnerability, awareness of an unknown disease, distrust of guidelines, and observing pandemic realities), attributes (cognitive dimensions, including information seeking and severity judgment, and emotional dimensions of fear and anxiety), and consequences (ranging from adherence to protective protocols and altruism to pandemic fatigue and non-adherence). The fieldwork phase also identified culturally specific influences within the Iranian context, including reliance on spiritual beliefs and traditional medicine.
Conclusion: COVID-19 risk perception is a multidimensional construct with cognitive and emotional attributes shaped by specific antecedents and leading to behavioral consequences. This definition enables nurses to systematically assess patients' risk perceptions, identify barriers to preventive behaviors, and develop culturally sensitive interventions to improve adherence during future public health emergencies.
Objectives: This study aimed to understand risk perception during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods: A hybrid concept analysis was conducted using the Schwartz-Barcott and Kim model in three phases: theoretical (systematic review of 51 articles from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SID, MagIran, and IranMedex, 2019–2024), fieldwork (semi-structured interviews with seven COVID-19 patients), and final analytical integration.
Results: The theoretical phase generated 139 initial codes and 10 subcategories, whereas the fieldwork phase yielded 172 initial codes and nine subcategories. COVID-19 risk perception emerged as a multifaceted phenomenon comprising three categories: antecedents (information overload, personal vulnerability, awareness of an unknown disease, distrust of guidelines, and observing pandemic realities), attributes (cognitive dimensions, including information seeking and severity judgment, and emotional dimensions of fear and anxiety), and consequences (ranging from adherence to protective protocols and altruism to pandemic fatigue and non-adherence). The fieldwork phase also identified culturally specific influences within the Iranian context, including reliance on spiritual beliefs and traditional medicine.
Conclusion: COVID-19 risk perception is a multidimensional construct with cognitive and emotional attributes shaped by specific antecedents and leading to behavioral consequences. This definition enables nurses to systematically assess patients' risk perceptions, identify barriers to preventive behaviors, and develop culturally sensitive interventions to improve adherence during future public health emergencies.
Keywords: Risk Perception, COVID-19, Pandemic, Hybrid Model, Concept Analysis, Schwartz-Barcott and Kim.
Type of Study: Orginal research |
Subject:
Nursing
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