Showing 18 results for Cancer
Shahnaz Tork Zahrani , Leila Rastegari, Nahid Khoda Karami , Parvin Mohebbi,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (3-2012)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in developing countries. This disease and its treatment influence various aspects of quality of life. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between the quality of life and social support among cervical cancer survivors.
Material and Methods: In this study 65 women treated for cervical cancer during 2001-2008 were recruited. Data were gathered using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire – Cervix 24, the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire – core 30, Version 3, and the social support questionnaire. The instruments’ validity was assessed using content validity and the reliability was assessed via test-retest and Cronbach's alpha.
Results: Results of our study showed that the quality of life scores for patients treated for cervical cancer was moderate (60/7 ± 98/46). The score of social support was moderate, too (91/20 ± 11/34). There were no relationships between the physical, psychological and social dimensions of quality of life with the social support. There were also no relationships between the mental and spiritual well-being with the quality of life (P> 0.05).
Conclusion: The findings showed that the quality of life and social support scores were moderate among the participants of our study.
Mohsen Hassanpour, Ali Delshad, Ali Alemi,
Volume 4, Issue 1 (9-2014)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Prostate cancer is a common cancer among men and is considered to be the second cause of death among men after lung cancer. This study was conducted to determine the effect of an educational intervention based on empowerment model on awareness, attitudes, self-esteem and self-efficacy in men aged 35 to 55 years in preventing prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial was conducted in Gonabad in 2013. Sixty men aged 35 to 55 years old were randomly allocated into intervention (n=30) and control (n=30) groups. The intervention group received an education based on individual empowerment model. Data were collected using a valid and reliable questionnaire before and two months after the intervention. By the SPSS-20, we analyzed the collected data using the T- test, Chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test. Results: There were no significant differences between the intervention and control groups in terms of all the study variables at baseline (p>0.05). After the intervention, significant differences were shown between the groups regarding awareness (p=0.007), attitude (p=0.041), self-steam (p=0.049) and self-efficacy (p=0.034). Conclusion: Implementing educational intervention in men based on empowerment model would be effective on awareness, attitudes, self-esteem and self-efficacy in preventing prostate cancer.
Mohsen Hassanpour, Ali Delshad, Ali Alemi,
Volume 4, Issue 1 (9-2014)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Prostate cancer is a common cancer among men and is considered to be the second cause of death among men after lung cancer. This study was conducted to determine the effect of an educational intervention based on empowerment model on awareness, attitudes, self-esteem and self-efficacy in men aged 35 to 55 years in preventing prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial was conducted in Gonabad in 2013. Sixty men aged 35 to 55 years old were randomly allocated into intervention (n=30) and control (n=30) groups. The intervention group received an education based on individual empowerment model. Data were collected using a valid and reliable questionnaire before and two months after the intervention. By the SPSS-20, we analyzed the collected data using the T- test, Chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test. Results: There were no significant differences between the intervention and control groups in terms of all the study variables at baseline (p>0.05). After the intervention, significant differences were shown between the groups regarding awareness (p=0.007), attitude (p=0.041), self-steam (p=0.049) and self-efficacy (p=0.034). Conclusion: Implementing educational intervention in men based on empowerment model would be effective on awareness, attitudes, self-esteem and self-efficacy in preventing prostate cancer.
Zahra Masoumi, Shahin Tohidi, Farkhondeh Jamshidi, Maryam Farhadiyan, Sedigheh Forouhari, Arezoo Shayan,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (6-2017)
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer that endangers the women's mental health.
Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of stress management consulting on coping strategies in women with breast cancer.
Methods: This is a quasi-experimental, with pre- and post-test design and follows up with control and intervention groups. 104 women with breast cancer referring to MRI Center of Mahdieh in Hamadan-Iran in 2015 were divided randomly into two groups that the number of each group using permutation blocks was 52. The intervention group received the stress management counseling sessions through. Data collection tools were demographic questionnaire and general health questionnaire and the questionnaire of coping strategies of Lazarus & Folkman. For data analysis, the descriptive statistics and repeated measures analysis were used.
Results: The results of this study showed that the intervention can improve the general health and its sub-scales in intervention group. After intervention, a significant difference in average scores of the general health in two groups was observed (P<0.000). Also, there was a remarkable difference in average scores of the coping strategies in two groups before and after intervention (P<0.000), the problem-focused coping strategies in intervention group through post-test and follow up steps increased but the emotion-focused coping strategies in intervention group decreased.
Conclusion: The cognitive-behavioral group therapy of stress management can improve general health and increase coping strategies in patients with breast cancer, so this method can be used in oncology centers as the complementary therapy alongside the medical treatments.
Mina Esmkhani, Roghiieh Kharaghani, Effat Merghaty Khoe, Soghrat Faghihzadeh, Elham Shakibazadeh,
Volume 7, Issue 3 (11-2017)
Abstract
Background: Sexual relationships of women with breast cancer are affected by diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess sexual function and sexual behavior in women with breast cancer having sexual distress in Zanjan in 2015-2016.
Methods: This cross sectional study was part of a larger study, which was performed on 75 women with breast cancer in the oncology clinic of Valiasr hospital and Mehraneh charity clinic. Sampling was based on a purposeful approach. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, Sexual Function Questionnaire (FSFI), and indigenous sexual behavior questionnaire in women of reproductive age (SBQ). Data were analyzed using the Chi-squared and Spearman-Pearson tests.
Results: A majority of the women (77.3%) had an undesirable sexual function and orgasm dysfunction (65.3%). Besides, it was found that the majority of women had low to moderate sexual behavior. The correlational analyses related to sexual function and sexual behavior and their sub-scales showed that there was only a significant positive relationship between the sexual capacity subscale and the total sexual function scale (P<0.005).
Conclusion: Women with breast cancer had sexual dysfunction and behavior. Designing and implementing related counseling programs may help to reduce sexual distress, improve sexual function and marital satisfaction, and enhance the quality of life of affected women.
Neda Ghavanloo, Somayeh Abdollahi Sabet , Alireza Shoghli, Esmail Rezazade, Benyamin Mohseni Saravi, Nima Motamed,
Volume 7, Issue 3 (11-2017)
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer is one of the most important malignancies in both developed and developing countries.
Objectives: To reduce the burden of this disease, the prediction of individuals at risk and implementation of efficient preventive interventions can be effective. The present study was aimed at investigating five-year and lifetime risks of the breast cancer in a rural community in Zanjan province, Iran.
Methods: A total of 435 subjects aged 35 years old were randomly selected using systematic randomization in a rural community in Zanjan. The participation rate was 92.4% (402 women). Data collection instrument was a questionnaire in which all associated variables of Gail model and demographic information were included. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 18, and mean cancer risks were reported.
Results: Family history of breast cancer and history of breast biopsy were found to be positive in 3.5% and 0.3% of participants, respectively. Out of all participants, 84.3% were under 60 years old and 13.2% were illiterate. Five-year and lifetime mean risks were fund to be 0.74% and 7.6%, respectively. About 2% of the participants had a higher cancer risk>1.66%.
Conclusion: The findings demonstrated that based on the Gail model, the lifetime risk of the participants will be one out of 13 women. Given the lower estimations of Gail model in the prediction of breast cancer, we suggest general population interventions and high-risk strategies be implemented to decrease problems associated with the breast cancer in the future.
Hojjat Torkmandi, Mojgan Firouzbakht, Amir Hossein Goudarzian, Ameneh Yaghoobzadeh, Hamid Sharif Nia, Mobin Mohammadinezhad,
Volume 8, Issue 4 (3-2019)
Abstract
Background: Changes of body image following breast cancer is one of the factors affecting the quality of life of women with this disease.
Objectives: Thus, the factors affecting the body image need to be identified to improve their quality of life. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the body image in Iranian women diagnosed with breast cancer.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 200 breast cancer women were participated using convenience sampling method during April to January, 2018. The data were collected using a demographic questionnaire and body image questionnaires after breast cancer (BIBCQ). The data were analyzed using Univariate and Multivariate linear regression in SPSS25 at a significance level of 0.05.
Results: The mean age of participants was 48.43 (SD=10.53). The results showed that the variables such as type of treatment (p=0.002), physical health (β=-0.49, p<0.001), economic status (β=-0.62, p<0.001), and quality of life (β=-0.41, p=0.003) had the predictability potential of the body image in those under mastectomy. Educational level (β= 0.22, p=0.02) and physical health (β=-0.25, p=0.01) factors could predict body image in people with no mastectomy.
Conclusion: The results of the study indicated that the improvement of the economic status has a positive effect on the body image of breast cancer. In addition, this factor can improve the quality of life in women who survive breast cancer.
Kadriye Aldemir, Aysel Gürkan, Feride Taskın Yılmaz, Gülbahtiyar Demirel,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (9-2019)
Abstract
Background: First-degree female relatives of the patients with breast cancer have a higher risk of breast cancer than the general population does due to shared genetic factors and environmental and lifestyle similarities.
Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the participation status of first-degree relatives of women with breast cancer in screening programs.
Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2 to September 30, 2019, in the oncology unit of a university hospital in Turkey. All women who were first-degree relatives of registered patients at the specified time were considered without going through sample selection. Accordingly, 281 first-degree relatives of 135 breast cancer patients were included in the study. The data were collected by means of face-to-face interviews, the individual identification form created by the researchers in line with the literature, and the breast cancer screening program participation form. The data obtained from the study were evaluated using numbers, percentage distribution, arithmetic mean, and chi square test in the SPSS 23 statistical program.
Results: In this study, it was found that only 63.3% of women knew breast self-examination, and only 37.4%of those women do it regularly. Morover 34.9% of women stated that they had clinical breast examinations before, and 24.6% had mammography before. It was found that women with secondary education or higher and benign breast disease had higher participation rates in all screening programs, and women over 40 years of age had higher rates of clinical breast examination and mammography (p<0.05).
Conclusion: We concluded that women with first-degree relatives who have breast cancer do not adequately participate in the breast cancer screening program. We recommned information trainings be organized to raise awareness of women at risk group in terms of screening
Arghavan Esmaeili, Parvaneh Khorasani, Masoud Bahrami, Habibollah Hosseini,
Volume 10, Issue 2 (8-2020)
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and age-related cancers worldwide.
Objectives: The present study aimed to determine the recurrence, severity, distress, and clustering of symptoms in the elderly with colorectal cancer in the selected hospitals in Isfahan from 2018 to 2019.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted over a period of six months on 300 patients with colorectal cancer in selected hospitals in Isfahan. Data collection tools were contextual questionnaires and symptom recall scale (MSAS). To determine the correlation matrix between symptoms (clusters), a heuristic analysis factor was used in terms of mean recurrence, severity, and distress of symptoms in research units through PCA heuristic analytical method in SPSS 16.
Results: The most common symptoms in terms of recurrence were dry mouth (32.92%) and numbness and frisson (24.55%). The most common symptoms in terms of recurrence were dry mouth (80.33%) and nausea (86%); the most common symptoms in terms of severity were dry mouth (41%) and nausea (29.8%). The most common signs of distress were "I do not look like myself" (6) and dry mouth (35.3%). Finally, five clusters were obtained, including systemic, psychiatric, cardiovascular, mucosal, and gastrointestinal symptoms.
Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that psychological symptoms had a higher percentage of recurrence, severity, and distress in CRC patients than physical symptoms.
Behdokht Alavi, Behnam Makvandi, Parviz Asgari, Fardin Moradimanesh,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (5-2021)
Abstract
Background: Childhood cancer is a grueling event that can affect the lives of patients and their parents both psychologically and physically. Playing is a way to reduce this problem in children with cancer.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of individual play therapy on hope, adjustment and pain response of hospitalized children with cancer.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed among 30 children with cancer aged 8 to 12 years. Subjects were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. In the experimental group, individual play therapy intervention was performed for two months (10 sessions). The study instruments included: Snyder’s Hope Scale, Pediatric Pain Response Questionnaire (Walker et al.), and Dokhanchi’s Adjustment Questionnaire (1998). In order to analyze the data, repeated measures analysis and Bonferroni post hoc test were performed in SPSS, version 16.
Results: In this study, the mean age of participants in the experimental and control groups was 9.36±1.68 and 10.1±1.98 years, respectively. The results of this study showed that the difference between the three evaluation stages in all variables, except the post-test with the follow-up of hope variable, was significant in the experimental group (p≥0.001). But no significant difference was observed between the three evaluation stages in the control group (p≤0.001).Conclusion: It seems that play therapy intervention has an effect on the research variables. Given that the research was conducted on a small sample in a hospital, it is suggested that similar research be conducted to increase the external validity of the present study.
Elham Momeni Gazestan, Alireza Heydari, Behnam Makvandi, Fardin Moradimanesh,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (5-2021)
Abstract
Background: One of the factors leading to anxiety in children with cancer is child hospitalization. This anxiety can be due to separation, sadness, as well as fear of a new environment, disability, and continuation of life.
Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of group play therapy on anxiety in children with leukemia.
Methods: The current research had an applied and quasi-experimental approach, with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population of this study included all 8-12-year-old children with leukemia hospitalized in Dr. Afzalipour Hospital in Kerman in 2018. Among them, 30 children were selected by a convenient sampling method and were randomly assigned to the two experimental and control groups equally. The research tool was the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC). Concerning the inferential analysis, the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) method was used to compare quantitative variables between the three groups. Also, the ANCOVA model was used for modeling the difference between pretest and posttest measurements and adjusting for the effect of confounding variables such as gender and age. The analyses were performed using SPSS.22 software.
Results: The results showed a significant reduction in anxiety scores between children who received group play therapy (mean anxiety=59.60) and those who did not receive any intervention (mean anxiety=60.60) (p>0.001). Based on the findings, the group play therapy intervention is effective in anxiety in children with leukemia.
Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that group play therapy is effective in reducing anxiety in children with leukemia.
Ali Khani Jeihooni, Mehdi Amirkhani, Hamideh Mirshekari, Seyyed Mansour Kashfi,
Volume 11, Issue 3 (9-2021)
Abstract
Background: Prostate cancer (PC) is the fourth most common and the second deadly cancer in the world. Various theories have been proposed to identify the characteristics of individuals and their surrounding environments that somehow affect their behaviors. The health belief model (HBM) is one of the theories that are useful for studying health problems and designing programs to prevent diseases and injuries.
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine PC screening behaviors based on HBM in men aged 40-70 years old in Fasa city, Fars province, Iran.
Methods: This was a descriptive, analytical, and cross-sectional study performed on 400 men aged 40-70 years in 2019. The data collection instrument was a standard questionnaire used in Anderson’s study, whose validity and reliability have been confirmed. Data were analyzed by SPSS 22 using descriptive (frequency, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential (the Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression) statistics at the significance level of p<0.05.
Results: The mean age of the participants in this study was 54.24±5.46 years. The mean number of children was 2.84±1.84. According to the results, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, and perceived self-efficacy positively correlated with PC screening behaviors, and there was a significant inverse relationship between perceived barriers and PC screening behaviors.
Conclusion: The use of behavioral models such as HBM can be useful to implement appropriate plans to encourage PC screening behaviors.
Maryam Valikhani, Atefeh Ghovati, Masoud Kashani-Lotfabadi, Faezeh Mojarad, Javad Dehghani, Bibi Maryam Hashemi,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
Background: Cancer stigma is an important issue in cancer patients and affects the follow-up, adherence, and acceptance of treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to take action to reduce cancer stigma.
Objectives: This study aimed to determine the effect of group training of emotional intelligence components of Salovey and Mayer’s (1990) model on stigma in cancer patients.
Methods: This clinical trial with a pretest-posttest design was performed on 52 patients with cancer admitted to Omid Oncology Hospital in Mashhad, Iran, during 2018-2019. The participants were selected by the convenience sampling method and randomly allocated to two groups of intervention (n=25) and control (n=27)
. The intervention group received emotional intelligence group training based on Salovey and Mayer’s (1990) model during 10 sessions. The control group received routine care during the study
. The data collection tool was the Cancer Stigma Scale. Data analysis was performed by SPSS software (version 25) using the paired t-test and independent t-test. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered the significant level.
Results:: Based on the results, there was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups regarding the mean total stigma score in the pretest (P=0.46). However, there was a significant difference between the two groups regarding the changes in the mean total stigma score after the intervention (P<0.001).
Conclusion: Emotional intelligence group
teaching can be effective in reducing stigma in cancer patients. Therefore, it is suggested to use emotional intelligence teaching to reduce stigma in cancer patients in oncology hospitals.
Homa Poorabdolah, Nasrin Jafari Varjoshani, Masoumeh Namadian,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
Background: Cancer can affect the quality of life of patients. Family support is essential in this disease.
Objectives: This study aimed to determine the relationship between family functioning and quality of life in patients with gastric cancer.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on patients with gastric cancer at the Valiasr Medical Center in Zanjan, Iran, in 2018 using the census method. A specific standard questionnaire for the quality of life of cancer patients and a McMaster family assessment device were used to collect information. The descriptive analysis and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were used to analyze data by SPSS software version16.
Results: In total, 108 patients were assessed. The family functioning of the patients was assessed in the normal range and was partially good in all dimensions. The mean of general function (2.97 of 4) and affective responsiveness dimensions (2.31 of 4) was the weakest and the best, respectively. The overall quality of life, symptoms, and function [42.20 (2.65), 69.77 (7.23), 43.43 (7.38)] were at an unfavorable level. There was a significant inverse relationship (P<0.001) between the overall quality of life and the dimensions of family functioning: problem solving (r=-0.623), communication (r=-0.74), roles (r=-0.588), and behavior control (r=-0.718). A significant inverse relationship was also found between the overall quality of life and general family function (r=-0.577) (P<0.001).
Conclusion: The study showed the association between quality of life and family function in patients with cancer. Improving family function in these patients using different methods is recommended.
Fatemeh Givi, Farahnaz Meschi, Masoumeh Zhian Bagheri, Dariush Farhood,
Volume 12, Issue 2 (3-2022)
Abstract
Background: Pain management in patients with breast cancer is possible when it is considered in connection with emotional regulation. In patients with emotional problems and anxiety, emotion regulation can be good predictors for controlling their negative emotions.
Objectives: This study aimed to explain the pain management model based on rumination and positive and negative emotional regulation mediating vitality in women with breast cancer.
Methods: The research method was descriptive correlation modeling (structural equations). Participants in this study were women with breast cancer referred to all medical centers (hospitals and private and public clinics) in Tehran, of whom 273 were randomly selected. To measure the research variables, rumination response questionnaires, positive and negative emotional regulation, and vitality and pain management scales were used. SPSS 22 and LISREL 8.80 software were used to perform Spearman’s correlation coefficient test and path analysis for data analysis.
Results: The results showed that the indirect effect of positive emotional regulation was significant on vitality-mediated catastrophe (β=-0.07, P≤0.05). Also, the indirect effect of negative emotional regulation was significant on vitality-mediated catastrophe (β=0.11, P≤0.05).
Conclusion: It can be concluded that the pain management model based on rumination and positive and negative emotional regulation with vitality mediation in women with breast cancer has sufficient fitness.
Abdolhussein Shakurnia, Ata Ghadiri, Niloofar Jelodar, Maedeh Hamidi,
Volume 12, Issue 4 (9-2022)
Abstract
Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmissible infection, which has a key role in the development of cervical cancer.
Objectives: This study aimed to assess the level of awareness/knowledge among medical, nursing and midwifery students about HPV infection and its vaccine in Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (AJUMS) in 2020.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 181 medical, nursing and midwifery students who were selected based on convenience sampling. Students' awareness/knowledge were assessed through a validated questionnaire consisted of 15 correct and incorrect questions with a score range of 0-15. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test and logistic regression by SPSS-18.
Results: The mean (SD) of age of the participants was 25.4 (1.84) years, and the majority of them were female (60.2%) and single (79.6%). Overall, the students' awareness/knowledge score about HPV was 66.92 (22.8) (out of 100). The mean (SD) of awareness/knowledge of female students was higher than male students 68.8 (18.5) vs 64.1 (28.1), but there was no statistically significant (p=0.210). The awareness/knowledge among the medical students was significantly higher than that of the nursing and midwifery students (t179=7.17, p˂0.001). Significant odds ratio (OR) for predictors to good awareness/knowledge were higher age (OR=0.76, p = 0.023), higher grade point average (OR=1.49, p=0.030), and medical students' group (OR=17.31, p˂0.001).
Conclusion: Although the awareness/knowledge of students in this study was above average, which highlights the need for education measures to improve awareness/knowledge of students regarding HPV, since they will be future health care providers in society.
Mahsa Nouri, Nasrin Bahrami Nejad, Masoumeh Namadian, Elham Faghihzadeh,
Volume 13, Issue 2 (3-2023)
Abstract
Background: One of the main steps for designing a comprehensive palliative care program in patients with cancer is to achieve knowledge about pain acceptance.
Objectives: This study aims to determine the level of pain acceptance and its related social determinants of health in patients with cancer.
Methods: This cross-sectional study conducted on 152 patients with cancer hospitalized in the oncology wards of Valiasr and Ayatollah Mousavi hospitals in Zanjan. Participants were included in the study by convenience sampling from June to September 2021. To collect the data, a three-part questionnaire including demographic factors, social determinants and chronic pain acceptance was utilized. Statistical analysis was performed by t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS software version 25.
Results: Most of the participants were male (52%), illiterate (56.6%) and in the age group of 61-75 years (40.1%). The mean (SD) of the total pain acceptance score was 53.37 (19.36), which represents a lower than mean pain acceptance among the participants. The mean of pain acceptance according to the two variables of transportation system (P< 0.001) and occupation (P= 0.003) showed a statistically significant difference.
Conclusion: The findings of the study indicate that pain acceptance in the participants is not desirable. It is essential to plan and put into effects programs in order to improve pain acceptance methods. Moreover, considering the relationship between social determinants of health and pain acceptance, it requires to pay more attention to social determinants of health during the development of interventions to improve patients’ pain acceptance.
Nasrin Rezaei, Sareh Shakerian,
Volume 13, Issue 4 (10-2023)
Abstract
Background: The available information denotes the increased annual occurrence of breast cancer in Iranian women and the decreased age of developing this disease.
Objectives: The present study aimed to assess risk factors for breast cancer in Iranian women.
Methods: The present research was conducted in a hospital-based case-control study on 46 cases and 43 controls from March 2019 to March 2020 in Damghan. The interview was conducted to collect data by a predesigned questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic variables, nutrition and physical activity, and a checklist for fertility, and care items. Descriptive and analytical statistics, including the chi-square and logistic regression models, were used to analyze data by SPSS- ver16.
Results: The findings showed that out of 46 cases, only 6 (6.7%) were detected by self-examination and two cases by health workers. The average age of breast cancer in the case group was 53.28 ± 10.4 years. The results showed significant association in many terms of education level, employment status, physical activity, nutrition and fertility factors (OR≤1, P-value≤0.05). Based on the determination coefficient obtained considering the mentioned variables, at minimum, 68.2%, and at maximum, 91% of the changes in the likelihood of developing the risk of breast cancer can be explained.
Conclusion: Consistent with most studies, the findings of the current research showed a significant association with the developing risk of breast cancer. Considering that most factors identified in the present study are preventable, there should be effective interventions to control the disease and its complications in society.
