Preventive Care in Nursing and Midwifery Journal
Thu, Nov 21, 2024
[Archive]
Volume 10, Issue 3 (8-2020)
PCNM 2020, 10(3): 22-33 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Mirbahari S N, Ahmadi R. The Effects of COVID-19 from Fertilization until Birth: A Literature Review. PCNM 2020; 10 (3) :22-33
URL: http://nmcjournal.zums.ac.ir/article-1-695-en.html
URL: http://nmcjournal.zums.ac.ir/article-1-695-en.html
Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran , Nasim.mirbahari@yahoo.com
Abstract: (7760 Views)
Background: Due to the presence of the main receptor of SARS-CoV-2 (ACE2) in the male and female reproductive systems, infertility and viral damage during pregnancy are possible, in addition to premature birth, abnormal birth, and even maternal death.
Objectives: This study aimed to review the effects of COVID-19 from fertilization until birth.
Methods: By searching relevant keywords, a total of 205 articles were retrieved, 62 of which were finally reviewed in this study. Also, the Fertility Society of Australia (FSA), European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE), and Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) websites were checked to find reports on infertility management during the COVID-19 pandemic in other countries.
Results:: The coronavirus receptor (ACE2) is expressed in the tissues of the male and female reproductive systems, as well as various embryonic stages. The fetus is most likely to be infected by the virus at the time of birth. However, there are few reports of vertical transmission from the mother to the fetus before birth. Couples are generally suggested to freeze their embryos after the COVID-19 pandemic is eradicated.
Conclusion: Considering the presence of the new coronavirus receptors in the male and female reproductive systems, besides reports on the destructive effects of this virus on different parts of the male and female reproductive systems, COVID-19 can harm the next generation, as well as the current world population. Therefore, couples are advised to avoid pregnancy during the COVID-19 outbreak. In the case of pregnancy, they are asked to observe the health protocols as much as possible to prevent the spread of disease.
Objectives: This study aimed to review the effects of COVID-19 from fertilization until birth.
Methods: By searching relevant keywords, a total of 205 articles were retrieved, 62 of which were finally reviewed in this study. Also, the Fertility Society of Australia (FSA), European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE), and Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) websites were checked to find reports on infertility management during the COVID-19 pandemic in other countries.
Results:: The coronavirus receptor (ACE2) is expressed in the tissues of the male and female reproductive systems, as well as various embryonic stages. The fetus is most likely to be infected by the virus at the time of birth. However, there are few reports of vertical transmission from the mother to the fetus before birth. Couples are generally suggested to freeze their embryos after the COVID-19 pandemic is eradicated.
Conclusion: Considering the presence of the new coronavirus receptors in the male and female reproductive systems, besides reports on the destructive effects of this virus on different parts of the male and female reproductive systems, COVID-19 can harm the next generation, as well as the current world population. Therefore, couples are advised to avoid pregnancy during the COVID-19 outbreak. In the case of pregnancy, they are asked to observe the health protocols as much as possible to prevent the spread of disease.
Keywords: COVID-19, reproductive system, pregnancy, fertilization, vertical transmission, embryo, infertility treatment, birth
Type of Study: Review Articels |
Subject:
other
Received: 2020/11/7 | Accepted: 2021/01/12 | Published: 2020/08/31
Received: 2020/11/7 | Accepted: 2021/01/12 | Published: 2020/08/31
References
1. 1. Chai X, Hu L, Zhang Y, et al. Specific ACE2 Expression in Cholangiocytes May Cause Liver Damage After 2019-nCoV Infection. Biorxiv. 2020. [Crossref]
2. Ortega JT, S.M Pujol FH, Rangel HR. Role of changes in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in the interaction with the human ACE2 receptor: An in silico analysis. EXCLI J. 2020; 19: 410-17.
3. Li F. Structure and Evolution of coronavirus Spike Proteins. Annual Review of Virology 2016;3:237-61. [Crossref]
4. Rong Li, Tailang Y, Fang F, et al. Potential risks of SARS-Cov-2 infection on reproductive health. Reprod Biomed Online. 2020; 41(1): 89-95. [Crossref]
5. Fan C, Li K, Ding Y, Lu L, Wang W. ACE2 expression in kidney and testis may cause kidney and testis damage after 2019-nCoV infection. MedRxiv. 2020. [Crossref]
6. Ciaglia E, Vecchione A, Puca A. COVID-19 Infection and Circulating ACE2 Levels: Protective Role in Women and Children. Front Pediatr. 2020; 8: 206. [Crossref]
7. Zhang Q, Cong M, Wang N, et al. Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene polymorphism and enzymatic activity with essential hyper tension in different gender: a case-control study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018; 97(42): e12917. [Crossref]
8. Simoni M, Manuela H, Marie C. The COVID19 pandemics: shall we expect andrological consequences? A call for contributions to Andrology. Andrology. 2020; 8(3): 528-29. [Crossref]
9. Xu J, Qi L, Chi X, et al. A complication of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Biol Reprod. 2006; 74(2): 410-16. [Crossref]
10. Wang Z, Xu X. scRNA-seq Profiling of Human Testes Reveals the Presence of the ACE2 Receptor, A Target for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Spermatogonia, Leydig and Sertoli Cells. Cells. 2020; 9(4): 920. [Crossref]
11. Cardona M, Cardona M, Du P, Velilla S. Semen as virus reservoir? J Assist Reprod Genet. 2016; 33(9): 1255-56. [Crossref]
12. Musso D, Roche C, Robin E, Nhan T, Teissier A, Cao-Lormeau V. Potential sexual transmission of Zika virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015; 21(2):359-61. [Crossref]
13. Kurscheidt F, Mesquita C, Damke G, Damke E, Carvalho A, Suehiro T. Persistence and clinical relevance of Zika virus in the male genital tract. Nature Review Urology. 2019; 16: 211-30. [Crossref]
14. Pan F, Pan F, Xiao X, et al. No evidence of SARS-CoV-2 in semen of males recovering from COVID-19. Fertil Steril. 2020; 113(6): 1135-39.] [Crossref]
15. Song C, Wang Y, Li W, et al. Absence of 2019 Novel Corona virus in Semen and Testes of COVID-19 Patients. Biol Reprod. 2020; 103(1): 4-6. [Crossref]
16. Paoli D, Pallotti F, Colangelo S, et al. Study of SARS-CoV-2 in semen and urine samples of a volunteer with positive naso-pharyngeal swab. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020; 1-4. [Crossref]
17. Ning J, Li W, Ruan Y, et al. Effects of 2019 novel Corona virus on male reproductive system: a retrospective study. Preprints. 2020; 2020040280. [Crossref]
18. Jung A, Schuppe HC. Influence of genital heat stress on semen quality in humans. Andrologia. 2007; 39(6): 203-15. [Crossref]
19. Ma L, Xie W, Li D, et al. Effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection upon male gonadal function: A single center based study. MedRxi. 2020. [Crossref]
20. Pan PP, Zhan Q, Le F, Zheng YM, Jin F. Angiotensin-converting enzymes play a dominant role in fertility. Int J Mol Sci. 2013; 14: 21071-86. [Crossref]
21. Zhang J, Wu Y, Wang R, et al. Bioinformatics analysis reveals that the reproductive system is potentially at risk from 2019-nCoV. Preprints. 2020; 2020020307. [Crossref]
22. la Peña S, Isela SR, Zendy OV, Mónica NM, Irene XR, Omar AH. Changes in trophoblasts gene expression in response to perchlorate exposition. Toxicol In-Vitro. 2018; 50: 328-35. [Crossref]
23. Vas silva J, Carneiro MM, Ferreira MC, et al. The Vasoactive Peptide Angiotensin-(1-7) Its Receptor Mas and the Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Type 2 are Expressed in the Human Endometrium. Reprod Sci. 2009; 16(3): 247-56. [Crossref]
24. Barreta MH, Gaspering BG, Ferreira R, et al. The components of the angiotensin-(1-7) system are differentially expressed during follicular wave in cattle. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2015; 16(2): 275-83. [Crossref]
25. Wong SF, Chow KM, Leung TN, et al. Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes of women with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004; 191(1): 292-97. [Crossref]
26. ASRM. Patient Management and Clinical Recommendations During the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic. Cited [2020]; Available from: URL: https://www.asrm.org/news-and-publications/covid-19/statements/patient-management-and-clinical-recommendations-during-the-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic/
27. Xu J, Qi L, Chi X, et al. Orchitis: A complication of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Biol Reprod. 2006; 74(2): 410-16. [Crossref]
28. Cardona Maya WD, Du Plessis SS, Velilla PA. Do not forget to use a condom! Reproductive Science 2019; 26: 1326. [Crossref]
29. Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), 2020. Clinical questions about COVID-19. Cited [2020]; Available from: URL: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/faq.html
30. La Marca, A, Niederberger C, Pellicer A. Nelson SM. COVID-19: lessons from the Italian reproductive medical experience. Fertil Steril. 2020; 113(5): 920-22. [Crossref]
31. Lukassen S, Lorenz achua R, Trefzer T, et al. SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are predominantly expressed in a transient secretory cell type in sub segmental bronchial branches. BioRxiv. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 2020; 2020. [Crossref]
32. Xiuyuan O, Yan L, Xiaobo L, et al. Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV. Nat commun. 2020; 11(1): 1620. [Crossref]
33. Ke W, Wei C, Yu-Sen Z, et al. SARS-CoV2 invades host cells via a novel route: CD147-spike protein. bioRxiv. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 2020. 2020.
34. Ong SWX, Tan YK, Chia PY, et al. Surface Environmental and Personal Protective Equipment Contamination by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) From a Symptomatic Patient. JAMA. 2020; 323(16): 1610-12. [Crossref]
35. Racicot K, Mori G. Risks associated with viral infections during pregnancy. J Clin Invest. 2017; 127(5): 1591-99. [Crossref]
36. Colaco S, Chhabria K, Singh N, et al. Expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 and the spike protein processing enzymes in developing human embryos. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.04935 2020.
37. Delorme-Axford E, Donker RB, Mouillet JF, et al. Human placental trophoblasts confer viral resistance to recipient cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013; 110(29): 12048-53. [Crossref]
38. Bortolin-Cavaillé ML, Dance M, Weber M, Cavaillé J. C19MC microRNAs are processed from introns of large Pol-II, non-protein-coding transcripts. Nucleic Acids Res. 2009; 37(10):3464-3473. [Crossref]
39. Madsen-Bouterse SA, Romero R, Tarca AL, Kusanovic JP, Espinoza J, Kim CJ,et al. The transcriptome of the fetal inflammatory response syndrome. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2010; 63(1): 73-92. [Crossref]
40. Deverman BE, Patterson PH. Cytokines and CNS development. Neuron. 2009; 64(1): 61-78. [Crossref]
41. Eickhoff TC, Serfling Re. Observations on excess mortality associated with epidemic influenza. JAMA. 1961; 176: 776-82. [Crossref]
42. Creanga AA, Johnson T, Graitcer SB, et al. Severity of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol. 2010; 115(4):717- 26. [Crossref]
43. Field SK, Cenaiko DF, Whitelaw WA. Relationship between inspiratory effort and breathlessness in pregnancy 1991. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1991; 71 (5): 1897-902. [Crossref]
44. Bende M, Gredmark T. Nasal stuffiness during pregnancy. Laryngoscope. 1999; 109(7 Pt 1): 1108-10. [Crossref]
45. Zoller AL, S.F., Kersh GJ. Murine pregnancy leads to reduced proliferation of maternal thymocytes and decreased thymic emigration. Immunology. 2007; 121(2): 207- 15. [Crossref]
46. Nelson DM, M.E., Crafford W, Ahumada GG. Peripartum heart failure due to primary pulmonary hypertension. Obstet Gynecol. 1983; 62(3 Suppl): 58s-63s.
47. Levy A, Yagil Y, Bursztyn M, Barkalifa R, Scharf S, Yagil C. ACE2 expression and activity are enhanced during pregnancy. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2008; 295(6): R1953- 61. [Crossref]
48. Segars J, Katler Q, McQueen B, Kotlyar Al, Glenn T, Knight Z. Prior and Novel Corona viruses, COVID-19, and Human Reproduction: What Is Known? Fertil Steril. 2020; 113(6): 1140-49. [Crossref]
49. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 776: Immune Modulating Therapies in Pregnancy and Lactation. Obstet Gynecol. 2019; 133:.e287-e95. [Crossref]
50. Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, et al. A Trial of Lopinavir-Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe COVID-19. N Engl J Med 2020; 382(19): 1787-99. [Crossref]
51. Zhao X, Jiang Y, Zhao Y, et al. Analysis of the susceptibility to COVID-19 in pregnancy and recommendations on potential drug screening. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infec Dis. 2020; 1-12. [Crossref]
52. Yazdani P, Garcia Bournissen F, Koren G. A systematic review of the fetal safety of interferon alpha. Reprod Toxicol. 2012; 33(3): 265-68. [Crossref]
53. Shen C, Wang Z, Zhao F, et al. Treatment of 5 Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19 With Convalescent Plasma. JAMA. 2020; 323(16): 1582-89. [Crossref]
54. Gotestam C, Hoeltzenbein M, Tincani A, et al. The EULAR points to consider for use of anti-rheumatic drugs before pregnancy, and during pregnancy and lactation. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016; 75(5): 795-810. [Crossref]
55. Delang L, Abdelnabi R, Neyts J. Favipiravir as a potential countermeasure against neglected and emerging RNA viruses. Antiviral Res. 2018; 153:85-94. [Crossref]
56. Sinclair SM, Miller RK, Greene MF, Kwo PY, Maddrey WC. The Ribavirin Pregnancy Registry: An Interim Analysis of Potential Teratogenicity at the Mid-Point of Enrollment. Drug Saf. 2017; 40(12): 1205-18. [Crossref]
57. Lu Q, Shi Y. Corona virus disease (COVID-19) and neonate: What neonatologist need to know. J Med Virol. 2020; 92(6): 564-67. [Crossref]
58. Deprest J, Van Ranst M, Lannoo L, et al. SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19) infection: is fetal surgery in times of national disasters reasonable? Prenat Diagn. 2020; 10. [Crossref]
59. Dong L, Tian J, He S, et al. Possible Vertical Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 From an Infected Mother to Her Newborn. JAMA. 2020; 323(18): 1846-48. [Crossref]
60. Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lancet. 2020; 395: 809-15. [Crossref]
61. Zheng QL, Duan T, Jin LP. Single-cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2 and AXL in the human maternal-Fetal interface. Reprod Dev Med. 2020; 4(1): 7-10. [Crossref]
62. Maya, Walter D, Du Pl, Stefan S, Paula A. SARS-CoV-2 and the Testis: similarity to other viruses and routes of infection. Reprod Biomed Online. 2020; 40(6): 763-64. [Crossref]
63. Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, et al. First Case of 2019 Novel Corona virus in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382(10): 929-36. [Crossref]
64. Merrill DR, Wade CD, Fahnestock P, Baker RO. Long-term and short-term stability of viruses depend on storage temperature and preservation method. Beiresourses. 2018.
65. Atluri S.L, Manchikanti L, Hirsch JA. Expanded Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells (UC-MSCs) as a Therapeutic Strategy in Managing Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: The Case for Compassionate Use. Pain Physician. 2020; 23(2): p. E71-E83.
66. Keith J, Lo K, Ethan G, et al. The workup and management of azoospermic males. Can Urol Assoc J. 2015; 9(7-8): 229-35. [Crossref]
67. Witherspoon L, Fitzpatrick R, Patel P, Flannigan R, Robert T, Krakowsky Y, et al. Clinical pearls to managing men's health conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Can Urol Assoc J. 2020; 14(5): E161-66. [Crossref]
68. Fincham A. COVID-Coronavirus.19: ESHRE statement on pregnancy and conception. Cited [2020 April 1]. Available from: URL: https://www.eshre.eu/Press -Room/ESHRE -News#COVID 19WG
69. Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority. Corona virus (COVID-19) Guidance for patients. Cited [2020 April 1]. Available from: URL: https://www.hfea.gov.uk/about -us/news-and-press -releases/2020-news-and-press -releases/ hfea-Corona virus-COVID-19-guidance
70. The Fertility Society of Australia. Updated Statement of the COVID-19 FSA Response Committee. Cited [2020 April 1]. Available from: URL: https://www.fertilitysociety.com.au/wp-content/uploads/20200324-COVID-19-Statement-FSA-Response-Committee.pdf
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
