Preventive Care in Nursing and Midwifery Journal
Sat, Apr 5, 2025
[Archive]
Volume 13, Issue 1 (3-2023)
PCNM 2023, 13(1): 35-49 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Bolghanabadi N, Kharaghani R, Hosseinkhani A, Fayazi S, Mossayebnezhad R. Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. PCNM 2023; 13 (1) :35-49
URL: http://nmcjournal.zums.ac.ir/article-1-840-en.html
URL: http://nmcjournal.zums.ac.ir/article-1-840-en.html
Nasibeh Bolghanabadi 
, Roghieh Kharaghani , Azadeh Hosseinkhani * , Sanaz Fayazi , Raziyeh Mossayebnezhad
, Roghieh Kharaghani , Azadeh Hosseinkhani * , Sanaz Fayazi , Raziyeh Mossayebnezhad
Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran , azihsnkhani@zums.ac.ir
Abstract: (2427 Views)
Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common complication of pregnancy and an important public health concern. Several studies have investigated the prevalence of gestational diabetes in different parts of Iran with different results.
Objectives: The present study aimed to review studies on gestational diabetes prevalence and estimate the prevalence of gestational diabetes in Iran.
Methods: A search on gestational diabetes mellitus and related synonyms was conducted using global and national databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Sciences, Google Scholar, SID, IranMedex, Magiran, Irandoc, Medlib. Moreover, gray literature and reference checks and a library search were conducted. Keywords included: prevalence, Iran, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and their synonyms. The inclusion criteria were observational studies (cross-sectional, prospective cohorts, and retrospective cohorts) published in Persian or English between 2000 and 2020 on the prevalence or incidence of gestational diabetes in Iran, a sample size of more than 100 people, and availably of full texts. The selected articles were thoroughly reviewed, and after quality assessment, the required information was extracted and included in the meta-analysis.
Results: From 907 articles, 48 were included in the meta-analysis according to the inclusion criteria, which included 51,259 patients with an average age (standard deviation) of 27.05 years (1.83). The overall prevalence of GDM in Iran was 10% (11,9: 95% confidence interval). The prevalence of GDM had increased in recent years, from 4% before 2005 to 16% in 2016 to 2020 (20,12: 95% CI). There was significant heterogeneity between studies, and the I-square index was 98%.
Conclusion: The prevalence of gestational diabetes in Iran is slowly increasing. The increasing prevalence of gestational diabetes can seriously threaten the health of mothers, fetuses, and newborns in the near future.
Objectives: The present study aimed to review studies on gestational diabetes prevalence and estimate the prevalence of gestational diabetes in Iran.
Methods: A search on gestational diabetes mellitus and related synonyms was conducted using global and national databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Sciences, Google Scholar, SID, IranMedex, Magiran, Irandoc, Medlib. Moreover, gray literature and reference checks and a library search were conducted. Keywords included: prevalence, Iran, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and their synonyms. The inclusion criteria were observational studies (cross-sectional, prospective cohorts, and retrospective cohorts) published in Persian or English between 2000 and 2020 on the prevalence or incidence of gestational diabetes in Iran, a sample size of more than 100 people, and availably of full texts. The selected articles were thoroughly reviewed, and after quality assessment, the required information was extracted and included in the meta-analysis.
Results: From 907 articles, 48 were included in the meta-analysis according to the inclusion criteria, which included 51,259 patients with an average age (standard deviation) of 27.05 years (1.83). The overall prevalence of GDM in Iran was 10% (11,9: 95% confidence interval). The prevalence of GDM had increased in recent years, from 4% before 2005 to 16% in 2016 to 2020 (20,12: 95% CI). There was significant heterogeneity between studies, and the I-square index was 98%.
Conclusion: The prevalence of gestational diabetes in Iran is slowly increasing. The increasing prevalence of gestational diabetes can seriously threaten the health of mothers, fetuses, and newborns in the near future.
Type of Study: Review Articels |
Subject:
Midwifery
Received: 2022/05/29 | Accepted: 2022/12/1 | Published: 2022/12/1
Received: 2022/05/29 | Accepted: 2022/12/1 | Published: 2022/12/1
References
1. 1. Lee KW, Ching SM, Ramachandran V, Yee A, Hoo FK, Chia YC, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC pregnancy childbirth. 2018; 18(1): 1-20.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2665-0 [Crossref]
2. Wendland EM, Torloni MR, Falavigna M, Trujillo J, Dode MA, Campos MA, et al. Gestational diabetes and pregnancy outcomes-a systematic review of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) diagnostic criteria. BMC pregnancy childbirth. 2012; 12(1): 1-13. [Crossref]
3. Bellamy L, Casas J-P, Hingorani AD, Williams D. Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2009; 373(9677): 1773-9. [Crossref]
4. Niyafar M, Salem A, Asgharzadeh AA. Risk factors for gestational diabetes and prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance six weeks after delivery. Med J Tabriz Uni Med Sci Health Serv. 2017;39(5):73-80. [In Persian]
5. Sullivan SD, Umans JG, Ratner R. Gestational diabetes: implications for cardiovascular health. Curr Diab Rep. 2012; 12(1): 43-52. [Crossref]
6. Charkamyani F, Hosseinkhani A, Neisani Samani L, Khedmat L. Reducing the adverse maternal and fetal outcomes in IVF women by exercise interventions during pregnancy. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2019; 90(4): 589-99. [Crossref]
7. Charkamyani F, Khedmat L, Hosseinkhani A. Decreasing the main maternal and fetal complications in women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) trained by nutrition and healthy eating practices during pregnancy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2021; 34(12): 1855-67. [Crossref]
8. Neisani Samani L, Hosseinkhani A, Aryaeian N, Shahrokh Tehrani-Nejad E, Haghani H, Chamari M. The Effect of Individual Education Program on Gestational Diabetes in IVF Pregnant Women. J Inflamm Dis. 2019; 23(1): 38-51. [Crossref]
9. Wiernik E, Nabi H, Thomas F, Pannier B, Hanon O, Simon T, et al. Association between current perceived stress and incident diabetes is dependent on occupational status: Evidence from the IPC cohort study. Diabetes metab. 2016; 42(5): 328-35. [Crossref]
10. Jafari-Shobeiri M, Ghojazadeh M, Azami-Aghdash S, Naghavi-Behzad M, Piri R, Pourali-Akbar Y, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of gestational diabetes in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Iran J Public Health. 2015; 44(8): 1036-44.
11. Aliasgarzadeh A, Ghojazadeh M, Haji-Hoseini R, Mehanfar F, Piri R, Naghavi-Behzad M, et al. Age related secretary pattern of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I & insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in postmenopausal women. Indian J Med Res. 2014;139(4):598-602.
12. Almasi S, Salehiniya H. The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Iran (1993-2013): a systematic review. J Isfahan Med Sch. 2014;32(299):1396-412. [In Persian]
13. Sayehmiri F, Bakhtiyari S, Darvishi P, Sayehmiri K. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis study. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil. 2013;15(40):16-23. [In Persian] [Crossref]
14. Munn Z, Moola S, Lisy K, Riitano D, Tufanaru C. Methodological guidance for systematic reviews of observational epidemiological studies reporting prevalence and cumulative incidence data. Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2015; 13(3): 147-53. [Crossref]
15. Vahed N, Zareh Gavgani V. Systematic Review of Scientific Collaboration Networks of Library and Information Sciences in Iran. Depiction of Health. 2019;10(3):235-47.
16. Ghadiri M, Aarabi M, Akha O, Khani S, Bahar A, Kashi Z. Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes According to One-Step and Two-Step Screening in Sari Rural Areas, 2012-2014. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2018; 28(159): 46-55. [In Persian]
17. Adam I, Ibrahim Y, Elhardello O. Prevalence, types and determinants of anemia among pregnant women in Sudan: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC hematol. 2018; 18(1): 31. [Crossref]
18. Adjei G, Enuameh YA, Thomford NE. Prevalence of COVID-19 genomic variation in Africa: a living systematic review protocol. JBI Evid Synth. 2022; 20(1): 158-63. [Crossref]
19. Moradi M, Nazi A, Mazloumi E. Prevalence and Causes Related to Fear of Vaginal Delivery in Iran: A Systematic Review. Iran J Nurs Res. 2022; 17(1): 43-53.
20. Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page M, Welch V. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Hoboken: Wiley. 2019.
21. Kharaghani R, Cheraghi Z, Esfahani BO, Mohammadian Z, Nooreldinc RS. Prevalence of preeclampsia and eclampsia in Iran. Arch Iran Med. 2016; 19(1): 64-71. [Crossref]
22. DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials. 1986; 7(3): 177-88. [Crossref]
23. Agah J, Roodsarabi F, Manzuri A, Amirpour M, Hosseinzadeh A. Prevalence and associated risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus in a tertiary hospital in Iran. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2019; 46(1): 85-9. [Crossref]
24. Asnafi Nessa TB. Prevalence of gestational diabetes in Babol city during 2002-2003. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci. 2006;8(4):13-7.
25. Atashzadeh Shourideh F. Prevalence of gestational diabetes and some related factors in pregnant women referring to obstetrics and gynecology clinics of Tehran University of Medical Sciences during 2000-2001. JRUMS. 2006; 5(3):175-80.
26. Bayat F, Mousavi M, Moradi Z, Keshavarz Afshar M, Shahrahmani H, Mohebbi p. Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes and Its Associated Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes in Women Referred to Ayatollah Mousavi Hospital in Zanjan. PCNM J. 2020; 9(4): 1-6. [Crossref]
27. Borzouei S, Rabiei S, Esna Ashari F, Zareeighane Z, Biglari M. The Relationship between Gestational Diabetes and Risk Factors in Pregnant Women in Hamadan. Pajouhan Sci J. 2018; 17(1): 30-6. [In Persian] [Crossref]
28. Bouzari Z, Yazdani S, Abedi Samakosh M, Mohammadnetaj M, Emamimeybodi S. Prevalence of gestational diabetes and its risk factors in pregnant women referred to health centers of Babol, Iran, from September 2010 to March 2012. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil. 2013;16(43):6-13. [In Persian]
29. Dorostkar H, Zare NZ, Mahvar AA, Goodarzi MT. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in different age groups in Razan, Iran 2014. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2015; 25(127): 74-81. [In Persian]
30. Ekhtiari A, Langari H, Yarjanli M. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus and fetomaternal outcomes using one step screening method. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2016; 26(142): 167-74. [In Persian]
31. Gandevani SB, Garshasbi A, Dibaj S. Cut‐off value of 1‐h, 50‐g glucose challenge test for screening of gestational diabetes mellitus in an Iranian population. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2011; 37(6): 534-7. [Crossref]
32. Garshasbi A, Faghihzadeh S, Naghizadeh MM, Ghavam M. Prevalence and risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus in Tehran. J Fam Reprod Health. 2008; 2(2): 75-80. [In Persian]
33. Garshasbi E, Khoshniat Nikoo M, Abasian M, Rajabi P, Fallah N. Comparison of the prevalence of gestational diabetes based on Carpenter Costan and NDDG criteria. I J Diabet Metab. 2004; 4(1): 43-9. [In Persian]
34. Ghasemi kakalar S, Sohrabi M, Amiri P, Mazahri M. GDM prevalence in 301 pregnant women in nikkhah cilinc_urmia. Studies in Medical Sciences. 2018; 29 (9) :687-697. [In Persian]
35. Goli M, Firouzeh F. Prevalence of gestational diabetes and efficacy of risk factors in screening of referrals to health centers. J Holist Nurs Midwifery. 2014;24(3):56-63. [In Persian]
36. Hadayegh F, Khairandish M, Rahimi S, Tohidi M. Prevalence of gestational diabetes in pregnant women in Bandar Abbas. Iran J Endocrinol Metab. 2004;6(3):225-33. [In Persian]
37. Hashemi-Nazari S-S, Najafi F, Rahimi M-A, Izadi N, Heydarpour F, Forooghirad H. Estimation of gestational diabetes mellitus and dose-response association of BMI with the occurrence of diabetes mellitus in pregnant women of the west of Iran. Health Care Women Int. 2020; 41(1): 121-30. [Crossref]
38. Hedayati H, Khazaee T, Mogharrab M, Sharifzadeh GR. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus and overt diabetes in perganant women in Birjand. Modern Care J. 2012; 08(04): 238-44.
39. Hemmat Yar M, Khyber M. Prevalence of gestational diabetes and comparison of mean maternal age in healthy and gestational diabetic patient at Javaheri hospital .(2003-2006) J Qazvin Univ Med Sci. 2008; 12(1): 69-72.
40. 40Hosseini E, Janghorbani M, Shahshahan Z. Comparison of risk factors and pregnancy outcomes of gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosed during early and late pregnancy. Midwifery. 2018; 66: 64-9. [Crossref]
41. Hossein-Nezhad A, Maghbooli Z, Vassigh A-R, Larijani B. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus and pregnancy outcomes in Iranian women. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2007; 46(3): 236-41. [Crossref]
42. Kamali S, Shahnam F, Poormemari M. Gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosed with a 75-gram oral Glucose tolerance test and adverse pregnancy outcomes. J Adv Med Biomed Res. 2003; 11(43): 17-23.
43. Karimi F, Nabipour I, Jafari M, Gholamzadeh F. Selective screening of gestational diabetes based on 50 g glucose in pregnant women in Bushehr. Iran J Diabet Metab. 2003; 2(1): 45-51. [In Persian]
44. Kashanizadeh N, Laloui A. Evaluation of the necessity and value of diabetes screening test with 50 g of oral glucose to diagnose gestational diabetes in pregnant women without risk factor
45. Kowsar Med J. 2006;11(2):205-12. [In Persian]
46. Khoushideh M, Shahriari A. Comparison of universal and risk factor based screening strategies for gestational diabetes mellitus. Shiraz E Med J. 2008; 9(1): 24-9.
47. Keshavarz M. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in shahrud township . J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2003; 13 (41) :90-97. [In Persian]
48. Manafi M, Khadem-Ansari M. Gestational diabetes mellitus in Iranian women: a rising rate. Acta Endocrinol. 2013; 9(1): 71-8. [Crossref]
49. Mirfeizi1 M, Azarian AA, Mirheidari M. Prevalence of gestational diabetes and its risk factors in pregnant women living in Karaj, 2008. Iran J Diabet Metabol. 2010; 9(4): 376-82. [In Persian]
50. Mohammadzadeh F, Mobasheri E, Samira Eshghinia S, Kazemi Nejad V, Vakili MA. Prevalence of gestational diabetes and its risk factors in pregnant women in Gorgan in 2011-2012. Iran J Diabet Metabol. 2013; 12(3): 204-10. [In Persian]
51. Mokhlesi SS, Momenzadeh F, Mohebbi S, Moghaddam L. The relationship between serum iron and zinc levels in the first half of pregnancy and the occurrence of gestational diabetes. J Alborz Univ Med Sci. 2014; 3(2): 127-32. [In Persian] [Crossref]
52. Moradi S, Shafieepour MR, Mortazavi M, Pishgar F. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Rafsanjan: a comparison of different criteria. Med j Islam Repub Iran. 2015; 29: 209.
53. Navai L, Kimaiagar M, Khairkhahi M, Azizi F. Epidemiological study of diabetes in pregnant women in rural areas of Tehran province. Shahid Beheshti J Med Sci. 2002; 26(3): 217-23. [In Persian]
54. Nazari Robati F, Khanjani N, Tabasi Nejad N, Mohseni M. The Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes and Factors Affecting it in a Health Care Center. Health Based Research. 2017; 2(4): 307-17. [In Persian]
55. Niroomand M, Afsar J, Hosseinpanah F, Afrakhteh M, Farzaneh F, Serahati S. Comparison of the International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group Criteria with the Old American Diabetes Association Criteria for Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2019; 17(4): e88343. [Crossref]
56. Parham M, Bagherzadeh M, Ghasembeglou MH, Vafaeimanesh J. Gestational diabetes: Worrisome Prevalence. J Biostat Epidemiol. 2018; 4(4): 216-21.
57. Pirjani R, Shirzad N, Qorbani M, Phelpheli M, Nasli-Esfahani E, Bandarian F, et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus its association with obesity: a prospective cohort study. Eat Weight Disord. 2017; 22(3): 445-50. [Crossref]
58. Rahimi G. The Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes in Pregnant Women eferring to Ardabil Health Centers, 2003. J Ardabil Univ Med Sci. 2004; 4(13): 32-9.
59. Rahimi M, Dinari Z, Najafi F. Prevalence of gestational diabetes and its risk factors in Kermanshah 2009. J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci. 2010; 14(3): 244-50. [In Persian]
60. Rahimi M, Karami Moghadam F. The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus and its related risk factors using one-step method in Kermanshah, 2016. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil. 2017; 20(4): 1-4. [In Persian]
61. Shahbazian H, Nouhjah S, Shahbazian N, Jahanfar S, Latifi SM, Aleali A, et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus in an Iranian pregnant population using IADPSG criteria: incidence, contributing factors and outcomes. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2016; 10(4): 242-6. [Crossref]
62. Shahbazian H, Shahbazian N, Yarahmadi M, Saiedi S. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant women referring to gynecology and obstetrics clinics. Jundishapur Sci Med J. 2012; 11(2): 113-21.
63. Shahdadi H, Rahnama M, Absalan A, Fahimzadeh L, Mohammadpourhodki R, Moghadam K, et al. Evaluation of the prevalence of gestational diabetes among pregnant women in Zabol city in 2015. J Diabetes Nurs. 2016; 4(1): 64-71. [In Persian]
64. Shirazian N, Emdadi R, Mahboubi M, Motevallian A, Fazel-Sarjuei Z, Sedighpour N, et al. Screening for gestational diabetes: usefulness of clinical risk factors. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2009; 280(6): 933-7. [Crossref]
65. Shirazian N, Mahboubi M, Emdadi R, Yousefi-Nooraie R, Fazel-Sarjuei Z, Sedighpour N, et al. Comparison of different diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus based on the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test: a cohort study. Endocr Pract. 2008; 14(3): 312-7.
https://doi.org/10.4158/EP.14.3.312 [Crossref]
66. Soheylikhah S, Mojibian M, Rahimi-Saghand S, Rashidi M, Soheylikhah S, Pirouz M. Incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant women. Iran J Reprod Med. 2010; 8(1): 24-8.
67. Tabatabaei A, Fallah Z, Haghighi S, Farmani M, Horri N, Eslamian Z, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant women of Isfahan, Iran. Iran J Endocrinol Metabol. 2007; 9(3): 251-9. [In Persian]
68. Vakili M, Modaressi M, Zahabi R, Aghakoochak AJJCHR. Prevalence of gestational diabetes and its risk factors in Meibod-Yazd 2013-2014. J Community Health Res. 2016; 5(4): 270-8.
69. Vakili M, Pordanjani S, Alipor N, Taheri M, Baeradeh N, Hashemi A. The prevalence of gestational diabetes and associated factors in pregnant women referred to health care centers of Yazd in 2012. J Sabzevar Univ Med Sci. 2015; 21(6): 1214-24. [In Persian]
70. Zangeneh M, Mohamadi N, Kolahi T, Roshanei G, Khodaveisi M, Shayan A. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in perganant women rreferred totheraputic and health centers in Hammadan town, Iran in the 2015. Iran J Diabet Metabol. 2018; 17(3): 139-46. [In Persian]
71. Borenstien M, Hedges L, Higgins J, Rothstein H. Introduction to meta-analysis. West Sussex, United Kingdon: John Wiley & Sons. 2009. [Crossref]
72. Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, Thuku M, Hamel C, Moran J, et al. AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. bmj. 2017;358(1-9). [Crossref]
73. Marchetti D, Carrozzino D, Fraticelli F, Fulcheri M, Vitacolonna E. Quality of life in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. J Diabetes Res. 2017; 2017: 705-17. [Crossref]
74. Iwama N, Sugiyama T, Metoki H, Kusaka H, Yaegashi N, Sagawa N, et al. Difference in the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus according to gestational age at 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test in Japan: The Japan Assessment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Screening trial. J Diabetes Investig. 2019; 10(6): 1576-85. [Crossref]
75. Voaklander B, Rowe S, Sanni O, Campbell S, Eurich D, Ospina MB. Prevalence of diabetes in pregnancy among Indigenous women in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the USA: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Global Health. 2020; 8(5): 681-98. [Crossref]
76. Behboudi-Gandevani S, Amiri M, Yarandi RB, Tehrani FR. The impact of diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes on its prevalence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2019;11(1):11-8. [Crossref]
77. Bhavadharini B, Uma R, Saravanan P, Mohan V. Screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus - relevance to low and middle income countries. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016; 2(1): 1-8. [Crossref]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
